Steel braced frame#
General description#
A framework of beams and columns in which inclined, often diagonal, structural members brace the building and provide strength and rigidity. The bracing can take a variety of forms. If diagonal members are stocky they resist both tension and compression forces. However, if slender, they resist tension forces only. Usually, braced frame members are triangulated and meet at joints (similar to a vertical truss). Eccentrically Braced Frames are the exception - their inclined members are deliberately offset at joints in order to create ductile fuse regions in the steel beams. Braced Frames may or may not be infilled.
GEM taxonomy: S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H1:10; S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H1:10; S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H1:10; S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H1:10; S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H1:10; S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H1:10; S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H1:10
Capacity parameters#
Building class |
Yield drift [%] |
Ultimate drift [%] |
Ty [s]=f(Height [m]) |
Yield period [s] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H1 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
0.21 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H2 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
0.36 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H3 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
0.5 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H4 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
0.63 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H5 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
0.75 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H6 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
0.86 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H7 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
0.98 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H8 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
1.09 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H9 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
1.2 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H10 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
1.3 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H11 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
1.4 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H12 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
1.51 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H13 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
1.61 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H14 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
1.7 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H15 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
1.8 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H16 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
1.9 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H17 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
1.99 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H18 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
2.08 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H19 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
2.17 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H20 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
2.27 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H25 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
2.71 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H30 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
3.13 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H35 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
3.55 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H40 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
3.94 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H45 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
4.33 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUL/H50 |
0.35 |
1.44 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
4.72 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H1 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
0.21 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H2 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
0.36 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H3 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
0.5 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H4 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
0.63 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H5 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
0.75 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H6 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
0.86 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H7 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
0.98 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H8 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
1.09 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H9 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
1.2 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H10 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
1.3 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H11 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
1.4 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H12 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
1.51 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H13 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
1.61 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H14 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
1.7 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H15 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
1.8 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H16 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
1.9 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H17 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
1.99 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H18 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
2.08 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H19 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
2.17 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H20 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
2.27 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H25 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
2.71 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H30 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
3.13 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H35 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
3.55 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H40 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
3.94 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H45 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
4.33 |
S/LFBR+CDL+DUM/H50 |
0.48 |
1.86 |
0.0905*H^0.8 |
4.72 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H1 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.16 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H2 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.29 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H3 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.4 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H4 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.5 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H5 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.6 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H6 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.69 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H7 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.78 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H8 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.87 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H9 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.96 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H10 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.04 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H11 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.12 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H12 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.2 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H13 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.28 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H14 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.36 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H15 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.44 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H16 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.52 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H17 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.59 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H18 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.67 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H19 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.74 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H20 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.81 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H25 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
2.17 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H30 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
2.51 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H35 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
2.84 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H40 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
3.16 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H45 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
3.47 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUL/H50 |
0.48 |
2.1 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
3.77 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H1 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.16 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H2 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.29 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H3 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.4 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H4 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.5 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H5 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.6 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H6 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.69 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H7 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.78 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H8 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.87 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H9 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.96 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H10 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.04 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H11 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.12 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H12 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.2 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H13 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.28 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H14 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.36 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H15 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.44 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H16 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.52 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H17 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.59 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H18 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.67 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H19 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.74 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H20 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.81 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H25 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
2.17 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H30 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
2.51 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H35 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
2.84 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H40 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
3.16 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H45 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
3.47 |
S/LFBR+CDM+DUM/H50 |
0.58 |
2.66 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
3.77 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H1 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.16 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H2 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.29 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H3 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.4 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H4 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.5 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H5 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.6 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H6 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.69 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H7 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.78 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H8 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.87 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H9 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.96 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H10 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.04 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H11 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.12 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H12 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.2 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H13 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.28 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H14 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.36 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H15 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.44 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H16 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.52 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H17 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.59 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H18 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.67 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H19 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.74 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H20 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.81 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H25 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
2.17 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H30 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
2.51 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H35 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
2.84 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H40 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
3.16 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H45 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
3.47 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUM/H50 |
0.63 |
3.33 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
3.77 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H1 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.16 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H2 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.29 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H3 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.4 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H4 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.5 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H5 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.6 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H6 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.69 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H7 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.78 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H8 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.87 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H9 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
0.96 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H10 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.04 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H11 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.12 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H12 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.2 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H13 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.28 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H14 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.36 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H15 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.44 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H16 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.52 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H17 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.59 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H18 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.67 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H19 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.74 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H20 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
1.81 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H25 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
2.17 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H30 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
2.51 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H35 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
2.84 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H40 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
3.16 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H45 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
3.47 |
S/LFBR+CDH+DUH/H50 |
0.69 |
3.8 |
0.0724*H^0.8 |
3.77 |
Capacity plots#
References#
A list of references and respective capacity parameters consulted during the definition of GEM’s capacity curves is presented below.
Reference |
URL |
Yield drift [%] |
Ult drift [%] |
Ty=f(H) [s] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
FEMA 2020 |
https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-10/fema_hazus_earthquake_technical_manual_4-2.pdf |
0.07-0.69 |
0.86-5.52 |
0.039*H |
Jouneghani and Haghollahi 2020 |
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11803-020-0572-z.pdf |
1.78 |
3.7 |
- |
Sabelli et al 2020 |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00175-X |
- |
1.41-3.95 |
- |
McCormick et al 2007 |
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:6(862) |
- |
0.89-2.5 |
- |
Kalibhat et al 2014 |
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Seismic-performance-of-concentric-braced-steel-from-Kalibhat-Kamath/63914e21c776699a80581b6c19ada3639b6f2b85 |
1.02-1.19 |
1.78-2.98 |
- |
Nayak et at 2018 |
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Pushover-analysis-of-three- dimensional-steel-braced-Nayak-Kamath/b56051352c0377db7dc9c2bb2f4412875d3fec4f |
0.60-1.19 |
1.79-3.57 |
- |