Reinforced concrete with infill walls#
General description#
Description: A framework of beams and columns in which some bays of frames are infilled with masonry walls that may or may not be mechanically connected to the frame. Due to great stiffness and strength in their planes, infill walls do not allow the beams and columns to bend under horizontal loading, changing the structural performance of the frame. During an earthquake, diagonal compression struts form in the infills so the structure behaves more like a Braced Frame rather than a Moment Frame. Infill walls can be part-height or completely fill the frame.
GEM taxonomy: CR/LFINF+CDL+DUL/H1:10; CR/LFINF+CDL+DUM/H1:10; CR/LFINF+CDM+DUL/H1:10; CR/LFINF+CDM+DUM/H1:10; CR/LFINF+CDM+DUM/H1:10; CR/LFINF+CDH+DUM/H1:10; CR/LFINF+CDH+DUH/H1:10
Capacity parameters#
Building class |
Yield drift [%] |
Ultimate drift [%] |
Ty [s]=f(Height [m]) |
Yield period [s] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUL/H1 |
0.12 |
1.3 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.15 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUL/H2 |
0.12 |
1.3 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.31 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUL/H3 |
0.12 |
1.3 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.46 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUL/H4 |
0.12 |
1.3 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.62 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUL/H5 |
0.12 |
1.3 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.77 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUL/H6 |
0.12 |
1.3 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.92 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUL/H7 |
0.12 |
1.3 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
1.08 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUL/H8 |
0.12 |
1.3 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
1.23 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUL/H9 |
0.12 |
1.3 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
1.39 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUL/H10 |
0.12 |
1.3 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
1.54 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUM/H1 |
0.15 |
1.8 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.15 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUM/H2 |
0.15 |
1.8 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.31 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUM/H3 |
0.15 |
1.8 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.46 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUM/H4 |
0.15 |
1.8 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.62 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUM/H5 |
0.15 |
1.8 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.77 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUM/H6 |
0.15 |
1.8 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.92 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUM/H7 |
0.15 |
1.8 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
1.08 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUM/H8 |
0.15 |
1.8 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
1.23 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUM/H9 |
0.15 |
1.8 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
1.39 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUM/H10 |
0.15 |
1.8 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
1.54 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUL/H1 |
0.15 |
1.5 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.14 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUL/H2 |
0.15 |
1.5 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.27 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUL/H3 |
0.15 |
1.5 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.41 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUL/H4 |
0.15 |
1.5 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.54 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUL/H5 |
0.15 |
1.5 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.68 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUL/H6 |
0.15 |
1.5 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.81 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUL/H7 |
0.15 |
1.5 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.95 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUL/H8 |
0.15 |
1.5 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
1.09 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUL/H9 |
0.15 |
1.5 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
1.22 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUL/H10 |
0.15 |
1.5 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
1.36 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUM/H1 |
0.18 |
1.9 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.14 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUM/H2 |
0.18 |
1.9 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.27 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUM/H3 |
0.18 |
1.9 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.41 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUM/H4 |
0.18 |
1.9 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.54 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUM/H5 |
0.18 |
1.9 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.68 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUM/H6 |
0.18 |
1.9 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.81 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUM/H7 |
0.18 |
1.9 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.95 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUM/H8 |
0.18 |
1.9 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
1.09 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUM/H9 |
0.18 |
1.9 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
1.22 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUM/H10 |
0.18 |
1.9 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
1.36 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUM/H1 |
0.2 |
2.1 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.12 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUM/H2 |
0.2 |
2.1 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.24 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUM/H3 |
0.2 |
2.1 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.35 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUM/H4 |
0.2 |
2.1 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.47 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUM/H5 |
0.2 |
2.1 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.59 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUM/H6 |
0.2 |
2.1 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.71 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUM/H7 |
0.2 |
2.1 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.82 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUM/H8 |
0.2 |
2.1 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.94 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUM/H9 |
0.2 |
2.1 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
1.06 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUM/H10 |
0.2 |
2.1 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
1.18 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUH/H1 |
0.22 |
2.4 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.12 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUH/H2 |
0.22 |
2.4 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.24 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUH/H3 |
0.22 |
2.4 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.35 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUH/H4 |
0.22 |
2.4 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.47 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUH/H5 |
0.22 |
2.4 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.59 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUH/H6 |
0.22 |
2.4 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.71 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUH/H7 |
0.22 |
2.4 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.82 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUH/H8 |
0.22 |
2.4 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.94 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUH/H9 |
0.22 |
2.4 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
1.06 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUH/H10 |
0.22 |
2.4 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
1.18 |
CR/LFINF+DUL/H1/CCA |
0.19 |
2.07 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.15 |
CR/LFINF+DUL/H2/CCA |
0.19 |
2.07 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.31 |
CR/LFINF+DUL/H3/CCA |
0.19 |
2.07 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.46 |
CR/LFINF+DUL/H4/CCA |
0.19 |
2.07 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.62 |
CR/LFINF+DUL/H5/CCA |
0.19 |
2.07 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.77 |
CR/LFINF+DUL/H6/CCA |
0.19 |
2.07 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.92 |
CR/LFINF+DUL/H7/CCA |
0.19 |
2.07 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
1.08 |
CR/LFINF+DUL/H8/CCA |
0.19 |
2.07 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
1.23 |
CR/LFINF+DUL/H9/CCA |
0.19 |
2.07 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
1.39 |
CR/LFINF+DUL/H10/CCA |
0.19 |
2.07 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
1.54 |
CR/LFINF+DUL/H1/SOS |
0.15 |
1.08 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.15 |
CR/LFINF+DUL/H2/SOS |
0.15 |
1.08 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.31 |
CR/LFINF+DUL/H3/SOS |
0.15 |
1.08 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.46 |
CR/LFINF+DUL/H4/SOS |
0.15 |
1.08 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.62 |
CR/LFINF+DUL/H5/SOS |
0.15 |
1.08 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.77 |
CR/LFINF+DUL/H6/SOS |
0.15 |
1.08 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.92 |
CR/LFINF+DUL/H7/SOS |
0.15 |
1.08 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
1.08 |
CR/LFINF+DUL/H8/SOS |
0.15 |
1.08 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
1.23 |
CR/LFINF+DUL/H9/SOS |
0.15 |
1.08 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
1.39 |
CR/LFINF+DUL/H10/SOS |
0.15 |
1.08 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
1.54 |
CR/LFINF+CDN+DNO/H1 |
0.11 |
1.1 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.15 |
CR/LFINF+CDN+DNO/H2 |
0.11 |
1.1 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.31 |
CR/LFINF+CDN+DNO/H3 |
0.11 |
1.1 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.46 |
CR/LFINF+CDN+DNO/H4 |
0.11 |
1.1 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.62 |
CR/LFINF+CDN+DNO/H5 |
0.11 |
1.1 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.77 |
CR/LFINF+CDN+DNO/H6 |
0.11 |
1.1 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.92 |
CR/LFINF+CDN+DNO/H7 |
0.11 |
1.1 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
1.08 |
CR/LFINF+CDN+DNO/H8 |
0.11 |
1.1 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
1.23 |
CR/LFINF+CDN+DNO/H9 |
0.11 |
1.1 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
1.39 |
CR/LFINF+CDN+DNO/H10 |
0.11 |
1.1 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
1.54 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUH/H1 |
0.18 |
2.0 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.14 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUH/H2 |
0.18 |
2.0 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.27 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUH/H3 |
0.18 |
2.0 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.41 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUH/H4 |
0.18 |
2.0 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.54 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUH/H5 |
0.18 |
2.0 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.68 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUH/H6 |
0.18 |
2.0 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.81 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUH/H7 |
0.18 |
2.0 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.95 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUH/H8 |
0.18 |
2.0 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
1.09 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUH/H9 |
0.18 |
2.0 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
1.22 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUH/H10 |
0.18 |
2.0 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
1.36 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUL/H1 |
0.19 |
2.05 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.12 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUL/H2 |
0.19 |
2.05 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.24 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUL/H3 |
0.19 |
2.05 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.35 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUL/H4 |
0.19 |
2.05 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.47 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUL/H5 |
0.19 |
2.05 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.59 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUL/H6 |
0.19 |
2.05 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.71 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUL/H7 |
0.19 |
2.05 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.82 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUL/H8 |
0.19 |
2.05 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.94 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUL/H9 |
0.19 |
2.05 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
1.06 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUL/H10 |
0.19 |
2.05 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
1.18 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUH/H1 |
0.17 |
1.8 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.15 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUH/H2 |
0.17 |
1.8 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.31 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUH/H3 |
0.17 |
1.8 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.46 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUH/H4 |
0.17 |
1.8 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.62 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUH/H5 |
0.17 |
1.8 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.77 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUH/H6 |
0.17 |
1.8 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
0.92 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUH/H7 |
0.17 |
1.8 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
1.08 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUH/H8 |
0.17 |
1.8 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
1.23 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUH/H9 |
0.17 |
1.8 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
1.39 |
CR/LFINF+CDL+DUH/H10 |
0.17 |
1.8 |
0.055*H+0.0 |
1.54 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUH/H1/NSCA |
0.22 |
2.4 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.12 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUH/H2/NSCA |
0.22 |
2.4 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.24 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUH/H3/NSCA |
0.22 |
2.4 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.35 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUH/H4/NSCA |
0.22 |
2.4 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.47 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUH/H5/NSCA |
0.22 |
2.4 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.59 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUH/H6/NSCA |
0.22 |
2.4 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.71 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUH/H7/NSCA |
0.22 |
2.4 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
0.82 |
CR/LFINF+CDH+DUH/H9/NSCA |
0.22 |
2.4 |
0.042*H+0.0 |
1.06 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUM/H1/NSCA |
0.18 |
1.9 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.14 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUM/H2/NSCA |
0.18 |
1.9 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.27 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUM/H3/NSCA |
0.18 |
1.9 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.41 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUM/H4/NSCA |
0.18 |
1.9 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.54 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUM/H5/NSCA |
0.18 |
1.9 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.68 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUM/H6/NSCA |
0.18 |
1.9 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.81 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUM/H7/NSCA |
0.18 |
1.9 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
0.95 |
CR/LFINF+CDM+DUM/H9/NSCA |
0.18 |
1.9 |
0.0485*H+0.0 |
1.22 |
Capacity plots#
References#
A list of references and respective capacity parameters consulted during the definition of GEM’s capacity curves is presented below.
Reference |
URL |
Yield drift [%] |
Ult drift [%] |
Ty=f(H) [s] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Crowley and Pinho 2006 |
https://www.sefindia.org/forum/files/estimation_of_period_756.pdf |
- |
- |
0.055*H |
Ricci et al 2011 |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.10.009 |
- |
- |
0.041*H |
Martins et al 2021 |
https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003194613 |
- |
- |
0.0136*H^1.31 |
Suzuki and Iervolino 2020 |
https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3256 |
0.12 |
0.54 |
0.03*H |
FEMA 2020 |
https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-10/fema_hazus_earthquake_technical_manual_4-2.pdf |
0.06-0.08 |
0.43-0.75 |
0.032*H |
Tischer at al 2012 |
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/9780784412367.200 |
- |
- |
0.07*H^0.75 |
Villar-Vega et al 2017 |
https://doi.org/10.1193/010716EQS005M |
0.36-0.4 |
0.80-1.90 |
0.042H (DUH); 0.06H (DUL) |
Batbat et al 2006 |
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8667.2006.00450.x |
0.08-0.13 |
0.19-1.01 |
- |