# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# vim: tabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4
#
# Copyright (C) 2012-2020 GEM Foundation
#
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# by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
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#
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# GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
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"""
Module :mod:`openquake.hazardlib.nearfault` provides methods for near fault
PSHA calculation.
"""
import math
import numpy as np
from openquake.hazardlib.geo import geodetic as geod
import scipy.spatial.distance as dst
[docs]def get_xyz_from_ll(projected, reference):
"""
This method computes the x, y and z coordinates of a set of points
provided a reference point
:param projected:
:class:`~openquake.hazardlib.geo.point.Point` object
representing the coordinates of target point to be projected
:param reference:
:class:`~openquake.hazardlib.geo.point.Point` object
representing the coordinates of the reference point.
:returns:
x
y
z
"""
azims = geod.azimuth(reference.longitude, reference.latitude,
projected.longitude, projected.latitude)
depths = np.subtract(reference.depth, projected.depth)
dists = geod.geodetic_distance(reference.longitude,
reference.latitude,
projected.longitude,
projected.latitude)
return (dists * math.sin(math.radians(azims)),
dists * math.cos(math.radians(azims)),
depths)
[docs]def get_plane_equation(p0, p1, p2, reference):
'''
Define the equation of target fault plane passing through 3 given points
which includes two points on the fault trace and one point on the
fault plane but away from the fault trace. Note: in order to remain the
consistency of the fault normal vector direction definition, the order
of the three given points is strickly defined.
:param p0:
The fault trace and is the closer points from the starting point of
fault trace.
:class:`~openquake.hazardlib.geo.point.Point` object
representing the location of the one vertex of the fault patch.
:param p1:
The fault trace and is the further points from the starting point of
fault trace.
:class:`~openquake.hazardlib.geo.point.Point` object
representing the location of the one vertex of the fault patch.
:param p2:
The point on the fault plane but away from the fault trace.
:class:`~openquake.hazardlib.geo.point.Point` object
representing the location of the one vertex of the fault patch.
:param reference:
:class:`~openquake.hazardlib.geo.point.Point` object
representing the origin of the cartesian system used the represent
objects in a projected reference
:returns:
normal: normal vector of the plane (a,b,c)
dist_to_plane: d in the plane equation, ax + by + cz = d
'''
p0_xyz = get_xyz_from_ll(p0, reference)
p1_xyz = get_xyz_from_ll(p1, reference)
p2_xyz = get_xyz_from_ll(p2, reference)
p0 = np.array(p0_xyz)
p1 = np.array(p1_xyz)
p2 = np.array(p2_xyz)
u = p1 - p0
v = p2 - p0
# vector normal to plane, ax+by+cy = d, normal=(a,b,c)
normal = np.cross(u, v)
# Define the d for the plane equation
dist_to_plane = np.dot(p0, normal)
return normal, dist_to_plane
[docs]def projection_pp(site, normal, dist_to_plane, reference):
'''
This method finds the projection of the site onto the plane containing
the slipped area, defined as the Pp(i.e. 'perpendicular projection of
site location onto the fault plane' Spudich et al. (2013) - page 88)
given a site.
:param site:
Location of the site, [lon, lat, dep]
:param normal:
Normal to the plane including the fault patch,
describe by a normal vector[a, b, c]
:param dist_to_plane:
D in the plane equation, ax + by + cz = d
:param reference:
:class:`~openquake.hazardlib.geo.point.Point` object
representing the location of project reference point
:returns:
pp, the projection point, [ppx, ppy, ppz], in xyz domain
, a numpy array.
'''
# Transform to xyz coordinate
[site_x, site_y, site_z] = get_xyz_from_ll(site, reference)
a = np.array([(1, 0, 0, -normal[0]),
(0, 1, 0, -normal[1]),
(0, 0, 1, -normal[2]),
(normal[0], normal[1], normal[2], 0)])
b = np.array([site_x, site_y, site_z, dist_to_plane])
x = np.linalg.solve(a, b)
pp = np.array([x[0], x[1], x[2]])
return pp
[docs]def vectors2angle(v1, v2):
""" Returns the angle in radians between vectors 'v1' and 'v2'.
:param v1:
vector, a numpy array
:param v2:
vector, a numpy array
:returns:
the angle in radians between the two vetors
"""
cosang = np.dot(v1, v2)
sinang = np.linalg.norm(np.cross(v1, v2))
return np.arctan2(sinang, cosang)
[docs]def average_s_rad(site, hypocenter, reference, pp,
normal, dist_to_plane, e, p0, p1, delta_slip):
"""
Gets the average S-wave radiation pattern given an e-path as described in:
Spudich et al. (2013) "Final report of the NGA-West2 directivity working
group", PEER report, page 90- 92 and computes: the site to the direct point
distance, rd, and the hypocentral distance, r_hyp.
:param site:
:class:`~openquake.hazardlib.geo.point.Point` object
representing the location of the target site
:param hypocenter:
:class:`~openquake.hazardlib.geo.point.Point` object
representing the location of hypocenter
:param reference:
:class:`~openquake.hazardlib.geo.point.Point` object
representing the location
of the reference point for coordinate projection within the
calculation. The suggested reference point is Epicentre.
:param pp:
the projection point pp on the patch plane,
a numpy array
:param normal:
normal of the plane, describe by a normal vector[a, b, c]
:param dist_to_plane:
d is the constant term in the plane equation, e.g., ax + by + cz = d
:param e:
a float defining the E-path length, which is the distance from
Pd(direction) point to hypocentre. In km.
:param p0:
:class:`~openquake.hazardlib.geo.point.Point` object
representing the location of the starting point on fault segment
:param p1:
:class:`~openquake.hazardlib.geo.point.Point` object
representing the location of the ending point on fault segment.
:param delta_slip:
slip direction away from the strike direction, in decimal degrees.
A positive angle is generated by a counter-clockwise rotation.
:returns:
fs, float value of the average S-wave radiation pattern.
rd, float value of the distance from site to the direct point.
r_hyp, float value of the hypocetre distance.
"""
# Obtain the distance of Ps and Pp. If Ps is above the fault plane
# zs is positive, and negative when Ps is below the fault plane
site_xyz = get_xyz_from_ll(site, reference)
zs = dst.pdist([pp, site_xyz])
if site_xyz[0] * normal[0] + site_xyz[1] * normal[1] + site_xyz[2] * \
normal[2] - dist_to_plane > 0:
zs = -zs
# Obtain the distance of Pp and hypocentre
hyp_xyz = get_xyz_from_ll(hypocenter, reference)
hyp_xyz = np.array(hyp_xyz).reshape(1, 3).flatten()
l2 = dst.pdist([pp, hyp_xyz])
rd = ((l2 - e) ** 2 + zs ** 2) ** 0.5
r_hyp = (l2 ** 2 + zs ** 2) ** 0.5
p0_xyz = get_xyz_from_ll(p0, reference)
p1_xyz = get_xyz_from_ll(p1, reference)
u = (np.array(p1_xyz) - np.array(p0_xyz))
v = pp - hyp_xyz
phi = vectors2angle(u, v) - np.deg2rad(delta_slip)
ix = np.cos(phi) * (2 * zs * (l2 / r_hyp - (l2 - e) / rd) -
zs * np.log((l2 + r_hyp) / (l2 - e + rd)))
inn = np.cos(phi) * (-2 * zs ** 2 * (1 / r_hyp - 1 / rd)
- (r_hyp - rd))
iphi = np.sin(phi) * (zs * np.log((l2 + r_hyp) / (l2 - e + rd)))
# Obtain the final average radiation pattern value
fs = (ix ** 2 + inn ** 2 + iphi ** 2) ** 0.5 / e
return fs, rd, r_hyp
[docs]def isochone_ratio(e, rd, r_hyp):
"""
Get the isochone ratio as described in Spudich et al. (2013) PEER
report, page 88.
:param e:
a float defining the E-path length, which is the distance from
Pd(direction) point to hypocentre. In km.
:param rd:
float, distance from the site to the direct point.
:param r_hyp:
float, the hypocentre distance.
:returns:
c_prime, a float defining the isochone ratio
"""
if e == 0.:
c_prime = 0.8
elif e > 0.:
c_prime = 1. / ((1. / 0.8) - ((r_hyp - rd) / e))
return c_prime
def _intersection(seg1_start, seg1_end, seg2_start, seg2_end):
"""
Get the intersection point between two segments. The calculation is in
Catestian coordinate system.
:param seg1_start:
A numpy array,
representing one end point of a segment(e.g. segment1)
segment.
:param seg1_end:
A numpy array,
representing the other end point of the first segment(e.g. segment1)
:param seg2_start:
A numpy array,
representing one end point of the other segment(e.g. segment2)
segment.
:param seg2_end:
A numpy array,
representing the other end point of the second segment(e.g. segment2)
:returns:
p_intersect, :a numpy ndarray.
representing the location of intersection point of the two
given segments
vector1, a numpy array, vector defined by intersection point and
seg2_end
vector2, a numpy array, vector defined by seg2_start and seg2_end
vector3, a numpy array, vector defined by seg1_start and seg1_end
vector4, a numpy array, vector defined by intersection point
and seg1_start
"""
pa = np.array([seg1_start, seg2_start])
pb = np.array([seg1_end, seg2_end])
si = pb - pa
ni = si / np.power(
np.dot(np.sum(si ** 2, axis=1).reshape(2, 1),
np.ones((1, 3))), 0.5)
nx = ni[:, 0].reshape(2, 1)
ny = ni[:, 1].reshape(2, 1)
nz = ni[:, 2].reshape(2, 1)
sxx = np.sum(nx ** 2 - 1)
syy = np.sum(ny ** 2 - 1)
szz = np.sum(nz ** 2 - 1)
sxy = np.sum(nx * ny)
sxz = np.sum(nx * nz)
syz = np.sum(ny * nz)
s = np.array([sxx, sxy, sxz, sxy, syy, syz, sxz, syz,
szz]).reshape(3, 3)
cx = np.sum(pa[:, 0].reshape(2, 1) * (nx ** 2 - 1) +
pa[:, 1].reshape(2, 1) * [nx * ny] +
pa[:, 2].reshape(2, 1) * (nx * nz))
cy = np.sum(pa[:, 0].reshape(2, 1) * [nx * ny] +
pa[:, 1].reshape(2, 1) * [ny ** 2 - 1] +
pa[:, 2].reshape(2, 1) * [ny * nz])
cz = np.sum(pa[:, 0].reshape(2, 1) * [nx * nz] +
pa[:, 1].reshape(2, 1) * [ny * nz] +
pa[:, 2].reshape(2, 1) * [nz ** 2 - 1])
c = np.array([cx, cy, cz]).reshape(3, 1)
p_intersect = np.linalg.solve(s, c)
vector1 = (p_intersect.flatten() - seg2_end) / \
sum((p_intersect.flatten() - seg2_end) ** 2) ** 0.5
vector2 = (seg2_start - seg2_end) / \
sum((seg2_start - seg2_end) ** 2) ** 0.5
vector3 = (seg1_end - seg1_start) / \
sum((seg1_end - seg1_start) ** 2) ** 0.5
vector4 = (p_intersect.flatten() - seg1_start) / \
sum((p_intersect.flatten() - seg1_start) ** 2) ** 0.5
return p_intersect, vector1, vector2, vector3, vector4
[docs]def directp(node0, node1, node2, node3, hypocenter, reference, pp):
"""
Get the Direct Point and the corresponding E-path as described in
Spudich et al. (2013). This method also provides a logical variable
stating if the DPP calculation must consider the neighbouring patch.
To define the intersection point(Pd) of PpPh line segment and fault plane,
we obtain the intersection points(Pd) with each side of fault plan, and
check which intersection point(Pd) is the one fitting the definition in
the Chiou and Spudich(2014) directivity model.
Two possible locations for Pd, the first case, Pd locates on the side of
the fault patch when Pp is not inside the fault patch. The second case is
when Pp is inside the fault patch, then Pd=Pp.
For the first case, it follows three conditions:
1. the PpPh and PdPh line vector are the same,
2. PpPh >= PdPh,
3. Pd is not inside the fault patch.
If we can not find solution for all the four possible intersection points
for the first case, we check if the intersection point fit the second case
by checking if Pp is inside the fault patch.
Because of the coordinate system mapping(from geographic system to
Catestian system), we allow an error when we check the location. The allow
error will keep increasing after each loop when no solution in the two
cases are found, until the solution get obtained.
:param node0:
:class:`~openquake.hazardlib.geo.point.Point` object
representing the location of one vertices on the target fault
segment.
:param node1:
:class:`~openquake.hazardlib.geo.point.Point` object
representing the location of one vertices on the target fault
segment. Note, the order should be clockwise.
:param node2:
:class:`~openquake.hazardlib.geo.point.Point` object
representing the location of one vertices on the target fault
segment. Note, the order should be clockwise.
:param node3:
:class:`~openquake.hazardlib.geo.point.Point` object
representing the location of one vertices on the target fault
segment. Note, the order should be clockwise.
:param hypocenter:
:class:`~openquake.hazardlib.geo.point.Point` object
representing the location of floating hypocenter on each segment
calculation. In the method, we take the direction point of the
previous fault patch as hypocentre for the current fault patch.
:param reference:
:class:`~openquake.hazardlib.geo.point.Point` object
representing the location of reference point for projection
:param pp:
the projection of the site onto the plane containing the fault
slipped area. A numpy array.
:returns:
Pd, a numpy array, representing the location of direction point
E, the distance from direction point to hypocentre.
go_next_patch, flag indicates if the calculation goes on the next
fault patch. 1: yes, 0: no.
"""
# Find the intersection point Pd, by checking if the PdPh share the
# same vector with PpPh, and PpPh >= PdPh
# Transform to xyz coordinate
node0_xyz = get_xyz_from_ll(node0, reference)
node1_xyz = get_xyz_from_ll(node1, reference)
node2_xyz = get_xyz_from_ll(node2, reference)
node3_xyz = get_xyz_from_ll(node3, reference)
hypocenter_xyz = get_xyz_from_ll(hypocenter, reference)
hypocenter_xyz = np.array(hypocenter_xyz).flatten()
pp_xyz = pp
e = []
# Loop each segments on the patch to find Pd
segment_s = [node0_xyz, node1_xyz, node2_xyz, node3_xyz]
segment_e = [node1_xyz, node2_xyz, node3_xyz, node0_xyz]
# set buffering bu
buf = 0.0001
atol = 0.0001
loop = True
exit_flag = False
looptime = 0.
while loop:
x_min = np.min(np.array([node0_xyz[0], node1_xyz[0], node2_xyz[0],
node3_xyz[0]])) - buf
x_max = np.max(np.array([node0_xyz[0], node1_xyz[0], node2_xyz[0],
node3_xyz[0]])) + buf
y_min = np.min(np.array([node0_xyz[1], node1_xyz[1], node2_xyz[1],
node3_xyz[1]])) - buf
y_max = np.max(np.array([node0_xyz[1], node1_xyz[1], node2_xyz[1],
node3_xyz[1]])) + buf
n_seg = 0
exit_flag = False
for (seg_s, seg_e) in zip(segment_s, segment_e):
seg_s = np.array(seg_s).flatten()
seg_e = np.array(seg_e).flatten()
p_intersect, vector1, vector2, vector3, vector4 = _intersection(
seg_s, seg_e, pp_xyz, hypocenter_xyz)
ppph = dst.pdist([pp, hypocenter_xyz])
pdph = dst.pdist([p_intersect.flatten(), hypocenter_xyz])
n_seg = n_seg + 1
# Check that the direction of the hyp-pp and hyp-pd vectors
# have are the same.
if (np.allclose(vector1.flatten(), vector2,
atol=atol, rtol=0.)):
if ((np.allclose(vector3.flatten(), vector4, atol=atol,
rtol=0.))):
# Check if ppph >= pdph.
if (ppph >= pdph):
if (p_intersect[0] >= x_min) & (p_intersect[0] <=
x_max):
if (p_intersect[1] >= y_min) & (p_intersect[1]
<= y_max):
e = pdph
pd = p_intersect
exit_flag = True
break
# when the pp located within the fault rupture plane, e = ppph
if not e:
if (pp_xyz[0] >= x_min) & (pp_xyz[0] <= x_max):
if (pp_xyz[1] >= y_min) & (pp_xyz[1] <= y_max):
pd = pp_xyz
e = ppph
exit_flag = True
if exit_flag:
break
if not e:
looptime += 1
atol = 0.0001 * looptime
buf = 0.0001 * looptime
# if pd is located at 2nd fault segment, then the DPP calculation will
# keep going on the next fault patch
if n_seg == 2:
go_next_patch = True
else:
go_next_patch = False
return pd, e, go_next_patch