# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# vim: tabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4
# Copyright (c) 2018, GEM Foundation
# OpenQuake is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
# by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
# OpenQuake is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
# along with OpenQuake. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
import os
import copy
import math
from datetime import datetime
import numpy
import h5py
from openquake.hazardlib.calc.filters import SourceFilter
from openquake.hazardlib.source.base import BaseSeismicSource
from openquake.hazardlib.geo.geodetic import min_geodetic_distance
from openquake.hazardlib.geo.surface.planar import PlanarSurface
from openquake.hazardlib.geo.surface.multi import MultiSurface
from openquake.hazardlib.geo.nodalplane import NodalPlane
from openquake.hazardlib.source.point import PointSource
from openquake.hazardlib.mfd import EvenlyDiscretizedMFD
from openquake.hazardlib.pmf import PMF
from openquake.hazardlib.tom import PoissonTOM
from openquake.hazardlib.scalerel.wc1994 import WC1994
from openquake.hazardlib.source.rupture import ParametricProbabilisticRupture
from openquake.hazardlib.geo.point import Point
from openquake.hazardlib import valid
from openquake.hazardlib.sourceconverter import SourceConverter
DEFAULT_TRT = "Active Shallow Crust"
RUPTURES_PER_BLOCK = 200 # decided by MS
HDD = PMF([(0.2, 3.0), (0.6, 6.0), (0.2, 9.0)])
NPD = PMF([(0.15, NodalPlane(0.0, 90.0, 0.0)),
(0.15, NodalPlane(45.0, 90.0, 0.0)),
(0.15, NodalPlane(90.0, 90.0, 0.0)),
(0.15, NodalPlane(135.0, 90.0, 0.0)),
(0.05, NodalPlane(0.0, 45.0, 90.)),
(0.05, NodalPlane(45.0, 45.0, 90.)),
(0.05, NodalPlane(90.0, 45.0, 90.)),
(0.05, NodalPlane(135.0, 45.0, 90.)),
(0.05, NodalPlane(180.0, 45.0, 90.)),
(0.05, NodalPlane(225.0, 45.0, 90.)),
(0.05, NodalPlane(270.0, 45.0, 90.)),
(0.05, NodalPlane(325.0, 45.0, 90.))])
def convert_UCERFSource(self, node):
"""
Converts the Ucerf Source node into an SES Control object
"""
dirname = os.path.dirname(self.fname) # where the source_model_file is
source_file = os.path.join(dirname, node["filename"])
if "startDate" in node.attrib and "investigationTime" in node.attrib:
# Is a time-dependent model - even if rates were originally
# poissonian
# Verify that the source time span is the same as the TOM time span
inv_time = float(node["investigationTime"])
if inv_time != self.tom.time_span:
raise ValueError("Source investigation time (%s) is not "
"equal to configuration investigation time "
"(%s)" % (inv_time, self.tom.time_span))
start_date = datetime.strptime(node["startDate"], "%d/%m/%Y")
else:
start_date = None
return UCERFSource(
source_file,
self.tom.time_span,
start_date,
float(node["minMag"]),
npd=self.convert_npdist(node),
hdd=self.convert_hpdist(node),
aspect=~node.ruptAspectRatio,
upper_seismogenic_depth=~node.pointGeometry.upperSeismoDepth,
lower_seismogenic_depth=~node.pointGeometry.lowerSeismoDepth,
msr=valid.SCALEREL[~node.magScaleRel](),
mesh_spacing=self.rupture_mesh_spacing,
trt=node["tectonicRegion"])
SourceConverter.convert_UCERFSource = convert_UCERFSource
class ImperfectPlanarSurface(PlanarSurface):
"""
The planar surface class sets a narrow tolerance for the rectangular plane
to be distorted in cartesian space. Ruptures with aspect ratios << 1.0,
and with a dip of less than 90 degrees, cannot be generated in a manner
that is consistent with the definitions - and thus cannot be instantiated.
This subclass modifies the original planar surface class such that the
tolerance checks are over-ridden. We find that distance errors with respect
to a simple fault surface with a mesh spacing of 0.001 km are only on the
order of < 0.15 % for Rrup (< 2 % for Rjb, < 3.0E-5 % for Rx)
"""
IMPERFECT_RECTANGLE_TOLERANCE = numpy.inf
class UcerfFilter(SourceFilter):
"""
Filter for UCERF sources, both background and faults.
"""
def filter(self, srcs):
for src in srcs:
if hasattr(src, 'start'): # fault sources
src.src_filter = self # hack: needed for .iter_ruptures
ridx = set()
for idx in range(src.start, src.stop):
ridx.update(src.get_ridx(idx))
mag = src.mags[src.start:src.stop].max()
src.indices = self.get_indices(src, ridx, mag)
if len(src.indices):
yield src
else: # background sources
yield from super().filter([src])
def get_indices(self, src, ridx, mag):
"""
:param src: an UCERF source
:param ridx: a set of rupture indices
:param mag: magnitude to use to compute the integration distance
:returns: array with the IDs of the sites close to the ruptures
"""
centroids = src.get_centroids(ridx)
mindistance = min_geodetic_distance(
(centroids[:, 0], centroids[:, 1]), self.sitecol.xyz)
idist = self.integration_distance(DEFAULT_TRT, mag)
indices, = (mindistance <= idist).nonzero()
return indices
class UCERFSource(BaseSeismicSource):
"""
:param source_file:
Path to an existing HDF5 file containing the UCERF model
:param float investigation_time:
Investigation time of event set (years)
:param start_date:
Starting date of the investigation (None for time independent)
:param float min_mag:
Minimim magnitude for consideration of background sources
:param npd:
Nodal plane distribution as instance of :class:
openquake.hazardlib.pmf.PMF
:param hdd:
Hypocentral depth distribution as instance of :class:
openquake.hazardlib.pmf.PMF
:param float aspect:
Aspect ratio
:param float upper_seismoge nic_depth:
Upper seismogenic depth (km)
:param float lower_seismogenic_depth:
Lower seismogenic depth (km)
:param msr:
Magnitude scaling relation
:param float mesh_spacing:
Spacing (km) of fault mesh
:param str trt:
Tectonic region type
:param float integration_distance:
Maximum distance from rupture to site for consideration
"""
MODIFICATIONS = set()
tectonic_region_type = DEFAULT_TRT
RUPTURE_WEIGHT = 1 # not very heavy
def __init__(
self, source_file, investigation_time, start_date, min_mag,
npd=NPD, hdd=HDD, aspect=1.5, upper_seismogenic_depth=0.0,
lower_seismogenic_depth=15.0, msr=WC1994(), mesh_spacing=1.0,
trt="Active Shallow Crust", integration_distance=1000):
assert os.path.exists(source_file), source_file
self.source_file = source_file
self.source_id = None # unset until .new is called
self.inv_time = investigation_time
self.start_date = start_date
self.tom = self._get_tom()
self.min_mag = min_mag
self.npd = npd
self.hdd = hdd
self.aspect = aspect
self.usd = upper_seismogenic_depth
self.lsd = lower_seismogenic_depth
self.msr = msr
self.mesh_spacing = mesh_spacing
self.tectonic_region_type = trt
self.stop = 0
self.start = -1
self.orig = None # set by .new()
@property
def num_ruptures(self):
return self.stop - self.start
@num_ruptures.setter
def num_ruptures(self, value): # hack to make the sourceconverter happy
pass
@property
def mags(self):
# read from FM0_0/MEANFS/MEANMSR/Magnitude
if hasattr(self.orig, '_mags'):
return self.orig._mags
with h5py.File(self.source_file, "r") as hdf5:
self.orig._mags = hdf5[self.idx_set["mag"]].value
return self.orig._mags
@property
def rate(self):
# read from FM0_0/MEANFS/MEANMSR/Rates/MeanRates
if hasattr(self.orig, '_rate'):
return self.orig._rate
with h5py.File(self.source_file, "r") as hdf5:
self.orig._rate = hdf5[self.idx_set["rate"]].value
return self.orig._rate
@property
def rake(self):
# read from FM0_0/MEANFS/Rake
if hasattr(self.orig, '_rake'):
return self.orig._rake
with h5py.File(self.source_file, "r") as hdf5:
self.orig._rake = hdf5[self.idx_set["rake"]].value
return self.orig._rake
def count_ruptures(self):
"""
The length of the rupture array if the branch_id is set, else 0
"""
return self.num_ruptures
def new(self, grp_id, branch_id):
"""
:param grp_id: ordinal of the source group
:param branch_name: name of the UCERF branch
:param branch_id: string associated to the branch
:returns: a new UCERFSource associated to the branch_id
"""
new = copy.copy(self)
new.orig = new
new.src_group_id = grp_id
new.source_id = branch_id
new.idx_set = build_idx_set(branch_id, self.start_date)
with h5py.File(self.source_file, "r") as hdf5:
new.start = 0
new.stop = len(hdf5[new.idx_set["mag"]])
return new
def get_min_max_mag(self):
"""
Called when updating the SourceGroup
"""
return self.min_mag, None
def _get_tom(self):
"""
Returns the temporal occurence model as a Poisson TOM
"""
return PoissonTOM(self.inv_time)
def get_ridx(self, iloc):
"""List of rupture indices for the given iloc"""
with h5py.File(self.source_file, "r") as hdf5:
return hdf5[self.idx_set["geol"] + "/RuptureIndex"][iloc]
def get_centroids(self, ridx):
"""
:returns: array of centroids for the given rupture index
"""
centroids = []
with h5py.File(self.source_file, "r") as hdf5:
for idx in ridx:
trace = "{:s}/{:s}".format(self.idx_set["sec"], str(idx))
centroids.append(hdf5[trace + "/Centroids"].value)
return numpy.concatenate(centroids)
def gen_trace_planes(self, ridx):
"""
:yields: trace and rupture planes for the given rupture index
"""
with h5py.File(self.source_file, "r") as hdf5:
for idx in ridx:
trace = "{:s}/{:s}".format(self.idx_set["sec"], str(idx))
plane = hdf5[trace + "/RupturePlanes"][:].astype("float64")
yield trace, plane
def get_background_sids(self, src_filter):
"""
We can apply the filtering of the background sites as a pre-processing
step - this is done here rather than in the sampling of the ruptures
themselves
"""
branch_key = self.idx_set["grid_key"]
idist = src_filter.integration_distance(DEFAULT_TRT)
with h5py.File(self.source_file, 'r') as hdf5:
bg_locations = hdf5["Grid/Locations"].value
distances = min_geodetic_distance(
src_filter.sitecol.xyz,
(bg_locations[:, 0], bg_locations[:, 1]))
# Add buffer equal to half of length of median area from Mmax
mmax_areas = self.msr.get_median_area(
hdf5["/".join(["Grid", branch_key, "MMax"])].value, 0.0)
# for instance hdf5['Grid/FM0_0_MEANFS_MEANMSR/MMax']
mmax_lengths = numpy.sqrt(mmax_areas / self.aspect)
ok = distances <= (0.5 * mmax_lengths + idist)
# get list of indices from array of booleans
return numpy.where(ok)[0].tolist()
def get_ucerf_rupture(self, iloc, src_filter):
"""
:param iloc:
Location of the rupture plane in the hdf5 file
:param src_filter:
Sites for consideration and maximum distance
"""
trt = self.tectonic_region_type
ridx = self.get_ridx(iloc)
mag = self.orig.mags[iloc]
surface_set = []
indices = src_filter.get_indices(self, ridx, mag)
if len(indices) == 0:
return None
for trace, plane in self.gen_trace_planes(ridx):
# build simple fault surface
for jloc in range(0, plane.shape[2]):
top_left = Point(
plane[0, 0, jloc], plane[0, 1, jloc], plane[0, 2, jloc])
top_right = Point(
plane[1, 0, jloc], plane[1, 1, jloc], plane[1, 2, jloc])
bottom_right = Point(
plane[2, 0, jloc], plane[2, 1, jloc], plane[2, 2, jloc])
bottom_left = Point(
plane[3, 0, jloc], plane[3, 1, jloc], plane[3, 2, jloc])
try:
surface_set.append(
ImperfectPlanarSurface.from_corner_points(
top_left, top_right, bottom_right, bottom_left))
except ValueError as err:
raise ValueError(err, trace, top_left, top_right,
bottom_right, bottom_left)
rupture = ParametricProbabilisticRupture(
mag, self.orig.rake[iloc], trt,
surface_set[len(surface_set) // 2].get_middle_point(),
MultiSurface(surface_set), self.orig.rate[iloc], self.tom)
return rupture
def iter_ruptures(self):
"""
Yield ruptures for the current set of indices
"""
assert self.orig, '%s is not fully initialized' % self
for ridx in range(self.start, self.stop):
if self.orig.rate[ridx]: # ruptures may have have zero rate
rup = self.get_ucerf_rupture(ridx, self.src_filter)
if rup:
yield rup
def __iter__(self):
assert self.orig, '%s is not fully initialized' % self
start = self.start
stop = self.stop
while stop > start:
new = copy.copy(self)
new.orig = self.orig
new.start = start
new.stop = min(start + RUPTURES_PER_BLOCK, stop)
start += RUPTURES_PER_BLOCK
yield new
def __repr__(self):
return '<%s %s[%d:%d]>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.source_id,
self.start, self.stop)
def get_background_sources(self, src_filter):
"""
Turn the background model of a given branch into a set of point sources
:param src_filter:
SourceFilter instance
"""
background_sids = self.get_background_sids(src_filter)
with h5py.File(self.source_file, "r") as hdf5:
grid_loc = "/".join(["Grid", self.idx_set["grid_key"]])
# for instance Grid/FM0_0_MEANFS_MEANMSR_MeanRates
mags = hdf5[grid_loc + "/Magnitude"].value
mmax = hdf5[grid_loc + "/MMax"][background_sids]
rates = hdf5[grid_loc + "/RateArray"][background_sids, :]
locations = hdf5["Grid/Locations"][background_sids, :]
sources = []
for i, bg_idx in enumerate(background_sids):
src_id = "_".join([self.idx_set["grid_key"], str(bg_idx)])
src_name = "|".join([self.idx_set["total_key"], str(bg_idx)])
mag_idx = (self.min_mag <= mags) & (mags < mmax[i])
src_mags = mags[mag_idx]
src_mfd = EvenlyDiscretizedMFD(
src_mags[0],
src_mags[1] - src_mags[0],
rates[i, mag_idx].tolist())
ps = PointSource(
src_id, src_name, self.tectonic_region_type, src_mfd,
self.mesh_spacing, self.msr, self.aspect, self.tom,
self.usd, self.lsd,
Point(locations[i, 0], locations[i, 1]),
self.npd, self.hdd)
ps.src_group_id = self.src_group_id
ps.num_ruptures = ps.count_ruptures()
sources.append(ps)
return sources
def build_idx_set(branch_id, start_date):
"""
Builds a dictionary of keys based on the branch code
"""
code_set = branch_id.split("/")
code_set.insert(3, "Rates")
idx_set = {
"sec": "/".join([code_set[0], code_set[1], "Sections"]),
"mag": "/".join([code_set[0], code_set[1], code_set[2], "Magnitude"])}
idx_set["rate"] = "/".join(code_set)
idx_set["rake"] = "/".join([code_set[0], code_set[1], "Rake"])
idx_set["msr"] = "-".join(code_set[:3])
idx_set["geol"] = code_set[0]
if start_date: # time-dependent source
idx_set["grid_key"] = "_".join(
branch_id.replace("/", "_").split("_")[:-1])
else: # time-independent source
idx_set["grid_key"] = branch_id.replace("/", "_")
idx_set["total_key"] = branch_id.replace("/", "|")
return idx_set
def get_rupture_dimensions(mag, nodal_plane, msr, rupture_aspect_ratio,
upper_seismogenic_depth, lower_seismogenic_depth):
"""
Calculate and return the rupture length and width
for given magnitude ``mag`` and nodal plane.
:param nodal_plane:
Instance of :class:`openquake.hazardlib.geo.nodalplane.NodalPlane`.
:returns:
Tuple of two items: rupture length in width in km.
The rupture area is calculated using method
:meth:`~openquake.hazardlib.scalerel.base.BaseMSR.get_median_area`
of source's
magnitude-scaling relationship. In any case the returned
dimensions multiplication is equal to that value. Than
the area is decomposed to length and width with respect
to source's rupture aspect ratio.
If calculated rupture width being inclined by nodal plane's
dip angle would not fit in between upper and lower seismogenic
depth, the rupture width is shrunken to a maximum possible
and rupture length is extended to preserve the same area.
"""
area = msr.get_median_area(mag, nodal_plane.rake)
rup_length = math.sqrt(area * rupture_aspect_ratio)
rup_width = area / rup_length
seismogenic_layer_width = (lower_seismogenic_depth -
upper_seismogenic_depth)
max_width = (seismogenic_layer_width /
math.sin(math.radians(nodal_plane.dip)))
if rup_width > max_width:
rup_width = max_width
rup_length = area / rup_width
return rup_length, rup_width
def get_rupture_surface(mag, nodal_plane, hypocenter, msr,
rupture_aspect_ratio, upper_seismogenic_depth,
lower_seismogenic_depth, mesh_spacing=1.0):
"""
Create and return rupture surface object with given properties.
:param mag:
Magnitude value, used to calculate rupture dimensions,
see :meth:`_get_rupture_dimensions`.
:param nodal_plane:
Instance of :class:`openquake.hazardlib.geo.nodalplane.NodalPlane`
describing the rupture orientation.
:param hypocenter:
Point representing rupture's hypocenter.
:returns:
Instance of
:class:`~openquake.hazardlib.geo.surface.planar.PlanarSurface`.
"""
assert (upper_seismogenic_depth <= hypocenter.depth
and lower_seismogenic_depth >= hypocenter.depth)
rdip = math.radians(nodal_plane.dip)
# precalculated azimuth values for horizontal-only and vertical-only
# moves from one point to another on the plane defined by strike
# and dip:
azimuth_right = nodal_plane.strike
azimuth_down = (azimuth_right + 90) % 360
azimuth_left = (azimuth_down + 90) % 360
azimuth_up = (azimuth_left + 90) % 360
rup_length, rup_width = get_rupture_dimensions(
mag, nodal_plane, msr, rupture_aspect_ratio, upper_seismogenic_depth,
lower_seismogenic_depth)
# calculate the height of the rupture being projected
# on the vertical plane:
rup_proj_height = rup_width * math.sin(rdip)
# and it's width being projected on the horizontal one:
rup_proj_width = rup_width * math.cos(rdip)
# half height of the vertical component of rupture width
# is the vertical distance between the rupture geometrical
# center and it's upper and lower borders:
hheight = rup_proj_height / 2
# calculate how much shallower the upper border of the rupture
# is than the upper seismogenic depth:
vshift = upper_seismogenic_depth - hypocenter.depth + hheight
# if it is shallower (vshift > 0) than we need to move the rupture
# by that value vertically.
if vshift < 0:
# the top edge is below upper seismogenic depth. now we need
# to check that we do not cross the lower border.
vshift = lower_seismogenic_depth - hypocenter.depth - hheight
if vshift > 0:
# the bottom edge of the rupture is above the lower sesmogenic
# depth. that means that we don't need to move the rupture
# as it fits inside seismogenic layer.
vshift = 0
# if vshift < 0 than we need to move the rupture up by that value.
# now we need to find the position of rupture's geometrical center.
# in any case the hypocenter point must lie on the surface, however
# the rupture center might be off (below or above) along the dip.
rupture_center = hypocenter
if vshift != 0:
# we need to move the rupture center to make the rupture fit
# inside the seismogenic layer.
hshift = abs(vshift / math.tan(rdip))
rupture_center = rupture_center.point_at(
horizontal_distance=hshift, vertical_increment=vshift,
azimuth=(azimuth_up if vshift < 0 else azimuth_down))
# from the rupture center we can now compute the coordinates of the
# four coorners by moving along the diagonals of the plane. This seems
# to be better then moving along the perimeter, because in this case
# errors are accumulated that induce distorsions in the shape with
# consequent raise of exceptions when creating PlanarSurface objects
# theta is the angle between the diagonal of the surface projection
# and the line passing through the rupture center and parallel to the
# top and bottom edges. Theta is zero for vertical ruptures (because
# rup_proj_width is zero)
theta = math.degrees(
math.atan((rup_proj_width / 2.) / (rup_length / 2.)))
hor_dist = math.sqrt(
(rup_length / 2.) ** 2 + (rup_proj_width / 2.) ** 2)
left_top = rupture_center.point_at(
horizontal_distance=hor_dist,
vertical_increment=-rup_proj_height / 2,
azimuth=(nodal_plane.strike + 180 + theta) % 360)
right_top = rupture_center.point_at(
horizontal_distance=hor_dist,
vertical_increment=-rup_proj_height / 2,
azimuth=(nodal_plane.strike - theta) % 360)
left_bottom = rupture_center.point_at(
horizontal_distance=hor_dist,
vertical_increment=rup_proj_height / 2,
azimuth=(nodal_plane.strike + 180 - theta) % 360)
right_bottom = rupture_center.point_at(
horizontal_distance=hor_dist,
vertical_increment=rup_proj_height / 2,
azimuth=(nodal_plane.strike + theta) % 360)
return PlanarSurface(nodal_plane.strike, nodal_plane.dip,
left_top, right_top, right_bottom, left_bottom)
def generate_background_ruptures(tom, locations, occurrence, mag, npd,
hdd, upper_seismogenic_depth,
lower_seismogenic_depth, msr=WC1994(),
aspect=1.5, trt=DEFAULT_TRT):
"""
:param tom:
Temporal occurrence model as instance of :class:
openquake.hazardlib.tom.TOM
:param numpy.ndarray locations:
Array of locations [Longitude, Latitude] of the point sources
:param numpy.ndarray occurrence:
Annual rates of occurrence
:param float mag:
Magnitude
:param npd:
Nodal plane distribution as instance of :class:
openquake.hazardlib.pmf.PMF
:param hdd:
Hypocentral depth distribution as instance of :class:
openquake.hazardlib.pmf.PMF
:param float upper_seismogenic_depth:
Upper seismogenic depth (km)
:param float lower_seismogenic_depth:
Lower seismogenic depth (km)
:param msr:
Magnitude scaling relation
:param float aspect:
Aspect ratio
:param str trt:
Tectonic region type
:returns:
List of ruptures
"""
ruptures = []
n_vals = len(locations)
depths = hdd.sample_pairs(n_vals)
nodal_planes = npd.sample_pairs(n_vals)
for i, (x, y) in enumerate(locations):
hypocentre = Point(x, y, depths[i][1])
surface = get_rupture_surface(mag, nodal_planes[i][1],
hypocentre, msr, aspect,
upper_seismogenic_depth,
lower_seismogenic_depth)
rupture_probability = (occurrence[i] * nodal_planes[i][0] *
depths[i][0])
ruptures.append(ParametricProbabilisticRupture(
mag, nodal_planes[i][1].rake, trt, hypocentre, surface,
rupture_probability, tom))
return ruptures